Evidence of non-renewal: A 1945 work would have to have been renewed in 1970 or 1971; here are the four books with all the registrations and renewals for the category that includes photos for that time period: [1], [2], [3], [4]. There are no relevant hits for "Judy", "Garland", "Clarence Bull", "MGM", "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" or "Presenting Lily Mars". There is no evidence of copyright continuing to be claimed on this material. There were only a total of 630 renewals for the artworks/photographs category for those two years combined.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
Este archivo se encuentra en el dominio público en los Estados Unidos porque fue publicado en ese país entre los años 1929 y 1963, y, teniendo un aviso de derechos de autor, no se renovó su protección. A menos que su autor haya fallecido años antes, se mantiene bajo propiedad intelectual en los países o zonas que no aplican la regla del plazo más corto para las obras estadounidenses, como Canadá (70 años p.m.a.), China continental (50 años, a excepción de Hong Kong o Macao), Alemania (70), Suiza (70), México (100) y otros países con reglas particulares. Vea Commons:Hirtle chart como referencia e información.
This is a standard publicity photo taken circa 1965 (based on comparison to similar film photos). As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):
"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:
"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)
Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:
"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements. . . [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."[5]
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{{Information |Description ={{en|1=A publicity photo of Judy Garland from 1943, used in connection with promotion of ''Presenting Lily Mars''.}} |Source =[http://www.doctormacro.com/Images/Garland,%20Judy/Annex/Annex%20-%20Garland,%20Judy%20%28
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